1) Active citizens, commoners, social innovators, city makers, and local communities. 2) Public authorities: In some spaces, we have a relationship with the government; for example, the transportation department has a central role, and if we want to do anything on the streets, we must connect with them. The government is supportive of our efforts. We have also had several connections with the Ministry of Culture, but more connections are needed with public transportation. We also sometimes involve the metropolitan region authorities, who know what they are doing regarding regulations. 3) Private actors (national or local businesses; small and medium enterprises; social business): We do collaborate with the private sector, and in El Salvador, it is more challenging in our country because the economic position sometimes is not one of the best, and therefore it is not at the top of our priority usually 4) Civil society organisations and NGOs: We sometimes cooperate with organisations like us. 5) Knowledge institutions: Schools, research institutions, and universities: We collaborate with the academic sector, but it is minimal because we lack time to involve them more.
Moderate
2
DP_2 Enabling state
The supportive role of the government is essential in facilitating collective actions for the common good. While financial support may be lacking, the government demonstrates backing for ideas and ensures local community members understand and embrace the project. Acting as an authority figure, the government enhances the project’s appeal, making it more welcoming and accessible. While initial governmental support was crucial for project initiation, ongoing involvement at every stage is imperative to attract broader participation and secure additional funding. Although the support provided by the government is primarily ideological and advisory rather than financial, it remains instrumental in ensuring the project’s success.
Weak
1
DP_3 Pooling economies
Due to the absence of external government funding, the Fundación Parque Cuscatlán Project is assessed as having a weak rating for this variable.
Weak
1
DP_4 Experimentalism
Experimentalism is deemed weak as the approach has not been duplicated or implemented in other regions of the country or beyond.
Weak
1
DP_5 Tech justice
So far, the participatory process is done in the field. We have put some effort into engaging online, for example, in some webinars, but we have not gone deep into that. But if we are talking about any specific tool, we haven’t developed it yet. We use a lot of services, and we have a platform for it, and we analyse it through this application in real-time, but then sometimes we make an analysis of traffic with Google. You must understand that technology is helpful when you have a lot of input, and sometimes, we don’t have it. People don’t use smartphones to inform yet.
1) Active citizens, commoners, social innovators, city makers, and local communities: The young people have pushed for this agenda and actively represent the local communities. We are trying to reach a vast number of community members. This dimension is incomplete since some members have not fully embraced the idea. 2) Public authorities: The Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Climate and Environment play a crucial role in this project. However, it is just more of an acknowledgement to have recognition. They are not implementing the project nor providing resources. It plays a role in information and recognition 3) Private actors (national or local businesses, small and medium enterprises, social businesses): The private sector plays a significant role but can do more and attract more investors to make this transition a reality. 4) Civil society organisations and NGOs: Many NGOs and civil society organisations are part of the initiative and have started implementing the idea. We also partner with other NGOs who are interested in promoting clean energy 5) Knowledge institutions: This sector is massively involved, and currently, the project is working with the University of Zimbabwe to implement the application of one of the technologies that will help facilitate the project. The technology is experimental (data and information gathering), so we can see if it works and improve it. It was not difficult as the university supported and owned it by making it a part of a school project.
Moderate
2
DP_2 Enabling state
Enabling state facilitates collective actions for the commons. In the case of the Emerald Climate Hub, the government does not give any financial support but supports through providing information and being acknowledged. The Ministry of Energy and Climate & Environment represents the government as a source of authority to help the project be more attractive, friendly, and warmly welcomed. In truth, governmental support was much needed to enable the initiation of the project, and they came through. However, having them at every stage of the project is paramount as it will help draw more people to the project and would be a means to attract and pool more investors. As this support is insufficient, we can still say this design principle is Weak.
(1)
DP_3 Pooling economies
As stated earlier, the Emerald Climate Hub does not receive external funding from the Government but from international and other NGOs through submitted proposals and fundraising activities. This makes the social and economic pooling factor Weak.
Weak
(1)
DP_4 Experimentalism
The ambition is to extend the project boundaries to other parts of the country and the continent. It has not yet been experimented anywhere, and this is the first experimental project we are embarking on. Therefore, this is rated as Weak.
Weak
(1)
DP_5 Tech justice
Tech Equality is considered weak because even though the project relies on digital and online tools, the level at which it is being applied is not very high. Currently, we are developing a technology with the Zimbabwe University to help facilitate the project’s easy facilitation. Still, we believe we can make use of other digital and online tools even for meetings and ensuring payments from clients through other technological sources. In data privacy and protection, much has not also been considered under the implementation of this project.
Chitungwiza Community Development Network, Zimbabwe
Variable
Summary of the qualitative description
Coding
DP_1 Collective Governance
The Chitungwiza Community Development Network exhibits moderate collective governance, partially meeting the criteria for “collaborative governance.” Key points include: 1) Active citizens and local communities are engaged in decision-making processes, reflecting a bottom-up approach facilitated by constitutional provisions and representation at the ward level. 2) Government support is acknowledged, primarily in terms of listening to community issues and implementing some changes within the municipality. 3) The private sector’s involvement is limited. Its participation is sought on an ad hoc basis when its expertise is required. 4) Numerous NGOs and civil society organizations are involved in the initiative, contributing to its development and implementation. 5) Knowledge institutions such as schools, research institutions, and universities play a role in supporting the initiative’s objectives. Overall, while the Chitungwiza Community Development Network demonstrates some elements of collaborative governance, there are areas where further integration and involvement of stakeholders, particularly the private sector, could enhance its effectiveness.
Moderate
2
DP_2 Enabling state
The Chitungwiza Community Development Network relies on an enabling state to facilitate collective actions for the commons. While the government’s financial support is limited, it plays a crucial role in supporting ideas and ensuring local members understand and endorse the project. Although governmental assistance was pivotal in initiating the project, ongoing support is essential for attracting more participants and investors. While the support provided is primarily ideological and human rather than financial, it contributes to the project’s moderate adherence to the design principle of an enabling state.
Moderate
2
DP_3 Pooling economies
The CDN Project does not rely on the Government for funds, and does not have a specific source of revenue. This
Weak
1
DP_4 Experimentalism
Experimentalism is identified as weak as the approach has not been replicated or launched in other parts of the country or elsewhere.
Weak
1
DP_5 Tech justice
Tech Equality is considered weak because it transcends just communication, and the primary means of technology and information is communication that is easily accessible. Whatsapp is also used; however, it is not highly evident due to network providers’ high cost of data tariffs. Therefore, WhatsApp groups are formed first amongst wards, and then later, a general one is put in place. Also, Facebook and Twitter to reach out to other external people. Therefore, Tech Justice is identified as weak as access and application are unclear.
1) Active citizens, commoners, social innovators, city makers, and local communities. This dimension is complete since members have fully embraced the idea. The county still ensures that a more significant portion of the populace partakes in the project. The project uses community groups as a way or platform to enter the communities and reach individuals. Still, the project’s impact is measured individually: how changes are brought to household levels. 2) Public authorities: The government is also involved since it has to collaborate with the relevant ministries to provide expertise and share data with them. Therefore, there is a lot of collaboration with civil society, the private sector, and the government. 3) Private actors (national or local businesses; small and medium enterprises; social business): The private sector will accelerate the speed of this project, yet their involvement is minimal. 4) Civil society organisations and NGOs: There is strong collaboration among civil society organisations. The organisation (Blue Ventures) designs projects, and when it comes to the actual implementation of the projects at the village level, the organisation partners with civil society organisations, which could also include community-based organisations for the implementation. On the part of the private sector, for this particular project involving fishermen, they collaborate with the private sector in term of marketing. 5) Knowledge institutions: The project is not very much engaged with schools and other educational institutions.
Moderate
2
DP_2 Enabling state
Enabling state facilitates collective actions for the commons. In the case of the Blue Ventures Project, the government does not give enough financial support but supports through ideas and ensuring that local members understand and buy the project. There is an actual degree of openness, participation, collaboration, and cooperation from day one until the end of the project. As mentioned earlier. The community is the targeted group, although the project’s impact is assessed on an individual household basis. The role of the government in this project is to give its expertise through the relevant ministries, and in return, the project shares data with those ministries. This support is ideological and human, not financial, so we can say that this design principle is moderate.
Moderate
2
DP_3 Pooling economies
The Blue Ventures project does not receive any external funding from the government, citizens, or other NGOs, nor does it receive any form of profit. The organisation solely funds the project. Therefore, the variable is rated as Moderate.
Moderate
2
DP_4 Experimentalism
The Blue Ventures Project has launched many experimental approaches, which have been replicated in other parts of East Africa, East Asia, West, and South America. This is rated as Strong.
Strong
3
DP_5 Tech justice
Tech Equality is considered Weak as the project has a pathway for assessing how its members use mobile networks to access financial services[NO1] . Currently, the digital online tool used in the project is digital finance through mobile networks. Therefore, the project uses digital online tools but Eco Credit has not reached the stage of accessing financial services through mobile networks. Regarding the issue of privacy and data, the project shares data with the relevant Ministries, like the Ministry of Gender and the Ministry of Fisheries.
Weak
1
Outcome
(Blue Ventures-Kenya-Community Building and Development through Fisheries Management -2021)
The Bboxx Energy Project has a strong collective governance. It fully answers to the characteristics of “collaborative governance” involving citizens, private actors, and civil society organizations, the government.
Strong
3
DP_2 Enabling state
The Bboxx Energy Project has direct and indirect official relations with the government.
Strong
3
DP_3 Pooling economies
Stakeholders support fully and therefore rated strong
Strong
3
DP_4 Experimentalism
There are many experimental approaches launched through the Bboxx Energy project. Several countries within Africa such as Rwanda and states within Togo are benefiting from Bboxx’s initiative.
Strong
3
DP_5 Tech justice
Tech Equality is considered strong because it is based on the concept of formal equal access to technologies and information. Data is protected and privacy is upheld. Many digital and communication tools are utilized by Bboxx Energy. Therefore this design principle is seen as Strong.
Strong
3
(Sikpe Afidegnon, Togo- Bboxx Energy- Energy Poverty reduction and Increase Access to Clean Energy-2017)
